Sea water is saline,
about 3.5% by weight
of it is salt.
Animal life is
rooted in the sea,
and all the animals
on earth can trace
their ancestry back
to early marine
organisms. We
have evidence of
this in fossils, and
also in our blood.
Our blood has salts
in it
"The
various species of
fish found in
oceans, lakes,
rivers and streams
have evolved over
millions of years
and have adapted to
their preferred
environments over
long periods of
time. Fish are categorized
according to their
salinity tolerance.
Fish that can
tolerate only very
narrow ranges of salinity
(such freshwater
fish as goldfish and
such saltwater fish
as tuna) are known
as stenohaline species.
These fish die in
waters having a
salinity that
differs from that in
their natural environments.
Fish
that can tolerate a
wide range of
salinity at some
phase in their
life-cycle are
called euryhaline species.
These fish, which
include salmon,
eels, red drum,
striped bass and
flounder, can live
of survive
in wide ranges of
salinity, varying
from fresh to
brackish to marine
waters. A period of gradual
adjustment or
acclimation, though,
may be needed for
euryhaline fish to
tolerate large changes
in salinity.
It
is believed that
when the newly
formed planet Earth
cooled sufficiently,
rain began to fall
continuously.
This rainfall filled
the first oceans
with freshwater. It
was the constant
evaporation of
water
from the oceans that
then condensed to
cause rainfall on
the land masses,
which in turn,
caused
the oceans to become
salty over several
billion years. As
rain water washed
over and
through
the soil, it
dissolved many
minerals--sodium,
potassium and
calcium-- and
carried them
back
to the oceans.
Vertebrate
animals (fish,
birds, mammals,
amphibians and
reptiles) have a
unique and common
characteristic.
The salt content of
their blood is
virtually identical.
Vertebrate blood has
a salinity of
approximately
9 grams per liter (a
0.9 % salt
solution). Almost 77
% of the salts in
blood are
sodium
and chloride. The
remainder is made up
primarily of
bicarbonate,
potassium and
calcium.
Sodium,
potassium and
calcium salts are
critical for the
normal function of
heart, nerve and
muscle
tissue.
If
the salinity of
ocean water is
diluted to
approximately one
quarter of its
normal
concentration, it
has
almost the same
salinity as fish
blood and contains
similar proportions
of sodium,
potassium,
calcium
and chloride. The
similarities between
the salt content of
vertebrate blood and
dilute
seawater
suggest a strong
evolutionary
relationship among
vertebrates and with
the primordial
oceans.
Indeed,
it seems likely that
vertebrate life
evolved when the
oceans were
approximately one
quarter as
salty as they are
today. As the oceans
became saltier and
vertebrates evolved
further, several groups
of vertebrates
(birds, mammals,
reptiles and
amphibians) left the
oceans to inhabit
the land masses,
carrying the
seawater with them
as their blood. They
maintained their
blood salt concentrations
by drinking fresh
water and absorbing
salts from food.